Country lovers free essay sample

reorder technique Screen-peruser clients, click here to kill Google Instant. Around 2,640,000 outcomes (0. 56 seconds) Search Results nation darlings Web definitions The Country Lovers is a 1911 short quiet parody movie coordinated by Mack Sennett and featuring Blanche Sweet. http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/The_Country_Lovers Country Lovers by Nadine Gordimer, an Analysis lee custodio leecustodio. hubpages. com †º Books, Literature, and Writing? Blemish 5, 2012 Country Lovers (1975) is an account of taboo love between a dark womanâ€Thebedi and Paulus, the child of her white bosses. It was an account of Country Lovers College Essays StudyMode. com www. studymode. com †º Home †º Literature? above being a line of hung together sentences and give the story meaning. As of late I have had the delight of perusing the short story â€Å"Country Lovers†, Country Lovers Meaning Free Essays 1 20 StudyMode. com www. studymode. com/subjects/nation darlings meaning-page1. html? 20+ things Free Essays on Country Lovers Meaning for understudies. Utilize our Country Lovers 737 Words 3 Pages. We will compose a custom paper test on Nation sweethearts or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Nation Lovers 980 Words 4 Pages. Reaction to Country Lovers Research Paper Hamdez8 www. studymode. com †º Home †º Linguistics Human Languages? The principal thing that caught my enthusiasm about the story â€Å"Country Lovers†, by Nadine Literature exists just when it is perused; which means is an occasion (versus the New Reading Reflection on the short story by Nadine Gordimer, Country www. scribd. com//Reading-Reflection-on-the-short-story-by-Nadine-G? Jun 29, 2013 Finally, I needed to assess the importance of the chose artistic work, which for this situation is Country Lovers, by Nadine Gordimer, by and by Country Lovers cheat sheets | quizlet. com/5228536/nation darlings streak cards/? Jargon words for Quotes and Meanings. Incorporates examining games and apparatuses, for example, cheat sheets. Nation Lovers Essays Justew53 PaperCamp. com www. papercamp. com †º Literature? Jun 18, 2012 In Nadine Gordimers story, Country Lovers she utilizes a wide range of techniques to portray the importance behind this story;; An Analysis Of Country Free Country Lovers Vs The Welcome Table Essays 1 30 Anti Essays www. antiessays. com/subjects/nation darlings versus the-welcome-table/0? Gain admittance to Country Lovers Vs The Welcome Table Essays just from Anti The Welcome Table: find distinctive human encounters and the implications. Article | Analysis of Country Lovers by Nadine Gordimer www. bookrags. com/paper 2003/3/6/115012/5149/? Blemish 6, 2003 Essays from BookRags give extraordinary thoughts to expositions and paper points like Analysis of Country Lovers by Nadine Gordimer. View this understudy Patriotism Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster www. merriam-webster. com/word reference/energy? paâ ·triâ ·otâ ·ism. thing ? dad tre-? - ? ti-z? m, primarily British ? dad . : love that individuals feel for their nation. Full Definition of PATRIOTISM. : love for or dedication to ones

Merry Wives Of Windsor Essay Example For Students

Cheerful Wives Of Windsor Essay The main thing that struck me about The Merry Wives of Windsor was theappearance of certain characters from Henry VI: Falstaff, Bardolph, Nym, andPistol. The second thing that struck me was the multifaceted nature of the plot. Shakespeare is intense enough for me to comprehend all alone, without theintroduction of a plots that wind and turn, and lace each other like snakes. I wish I could see the play performed, on the grounds that it appears to be a delightfulcomedy, and I feel that seeing real players experiencing the motionspresented to me in the content would do ponders for my appreciation. This is myfirst play perused outside of class, with no genuine conversation to help me through theparts that dont bode well the first run through around. Luckily, Ifound a few assets on the web that gave outlines of Shakespeares plays,and truly supported my comprehension of the play. The previously mentioned plots remindedme of the plots basic to Seinfeld, conceivably the most heavenly oftelevision appears. Seinfeld consistently had in any event two plots going per scene, andthe result of one generally appeared to have some impact on the result of theother. It appears that the first formula for sitcoms is this: get two plotsgoing one next to the other, close to the finish of the piece, crush them into one another, andthen take care of the entirety of the potentia l issues. This formula is followed in The Taming of theShrew (the two plots being the marriage of Petruchio and Katherine, and thewooing of Bianca), and again shows up in the Merry Wives of Windsor (Falstaffsattempted charming of the spouses being one, and the approaching marriage of Annebeing the other.) It would be intriguing to check whether all of Shakespearescomedies follow this equivalent example, and provided that this is true, to check whether past playwrightsused a similar equation. The presence of the characters from Henry VI,especially Falstaff, was likewise very fascinating. For reasons unknown, seeing theother characters shared by the plays didnt do very as much for me as seeingFalstaff. Maybe I relate to Falstaff more than the others (a ratherdamning suggestion, taking into account what Im going to compose), yet I think itsmore likely because of the way that Falstaff is increasingly noticeable that the others. Realizing that Falstaff was a gay sweetheart in Henry VI, and seeing him included inobviously hetero interests, I was helped to remember our discussion in classconcerning the perspectives on sex in Elizabethan occasions, contrasted with our current viewson the subject. I feel that seeing Falstaff in this play gives me a great deal moreinsight into the character Shakespeare was attempting to make for his audiencesthan Falstaffs appearances that we have found in class. Falstaff truly gaveme the impression of being a scalawag in this play, plotting to commitadultery, and afterward make an already difficult situation even worse by taking cash from the spouses ofthe double-crossing wives. Hes blamed toward the start for the play for gettingSlender alcoholic to pick his handbag, and he employs off his companion Bardolph as abartender. At long last, because of the entirety of this, Falstaff winds up the victim of apractical joke. Everybody winds up pardoning every other person, and they all go hometo live joyfully ever after, and chuckle about the occasions they have simply gonethrough. On the off chance that that last sentence appears to be deficient with regards to, its with reason. I wasrelatively baffled with the manner in which the play finished. It appeared to me likeShakespeare concluded he was done composition, and searched for the snappiest way toend his play. It was one stage better than the Greeks technique for having one ofthe Gods descend from Olympus, and choose who wedded who, who kicked the bucket honorably,and who was condemned to Hades. I felt that The Taming of the Shrew finished much morecohesively.

10 Easy Content Marketing Ideas to Grow Your Business Online

10 Easy Content Marketing Ideas to Grow Your Business Online Youve gone through all the legal hoops to get your business off the ground and running. Permits, employer identification number, business accounts and business credit cardsâ€"now its time to, well, get down to business!A lot of fledgling companies go through the startup process, only to find themselves overwhelmed on the other side by how to market their services or brand to attract customers. As a result, content strategy gets pushed to the back burner, even though its one of the most powerful drivers for business growth and marketing. Without an Internet presence, most businesses lose potential customers, simply because people are looking online when they seek out services. Its just the easiest way to do it, and online reviews are a powerful motivator for purchasing behavior.Without an Internet presence, most businesses lose potential customers, simply because people are looking online when they seek out services. Photo by NordWood Themes on Unsplash.Easy content ideasSo, maybe you dont have enough internal resources to curate, write and publish content on a daily basis. A lot of businesses hire this task out, and there are several online freelance marketplaces that offer access to writers and content curators at reasonable prices. But if your business is in its infancy stages and you dont have the funds to do this, here are a few ideas that are easy to do in-house, with minimal time and effort, that will build your social media presence and populate your blog with engaging, sharable content.1. Ask for customer submissionsIf you offer a service or a product, youre likely to have several past customers who will be more than happy to submit their personal experiences or reviews. For example, you could ask for photos of your present and past customers enjoying whatever service or product you offer them, and then share those photos on your blog or social media. In marketing circles, this is called user-generated content and is especially powerful in reaching out to potential new customers who follow your blog and social media feeds and are considering your product or service.2. InspireWith social media feeds full of bad news and political arguments, a lot of people prefer to keep their media consumption limited to whats positive and uplifting, and will actively seek out accounts or bloggers who provide it. So, finding examples of uplifting local stories to share (from local media) or encouraging quotes are always a great way to elicit more engagement on your business or organizations social media posts.3. Make instructional videosPeople like watching video on their social media feeds. Its engaging and any kind of content thats informative is always a good bet for attracting attention, likes and shares. You can use this to your advantage by creating instructional videos that help your audiences understand your product a little more, or even information in your industry that they would find valuable and useful that might not be related specif ically to the product or service you offer.4. Run contests offering giveawaysPeople love participating in a contest, especially if theres a reward of free products or services being offered. Use your blog and social media to spread the word about contests youre running and ask for user-generated content related to your business or product as contest entries. For example, if you run a swimming pool installation company, you could run a photo contest requesting your social media followers to submit photos of their family members enjoying time in the pool. All photos can be posted online over a period of weeks or months and one can be chosen as the winner of the contest, with a grand price of a pool installation service or product.As a result, youll have:Engaging content to post on your blog and social media feed that is submitted to you, rather than you having to spend the time creating it.Content that is sharable and therefore a great marketing opportunity for your business, especial ly if you make it a rule for entry that all participants share the photo on their own social media and tag your business in it.5. Profile a customerOne powerful driver of return business is establishing relationships with your customers and getting to know them on a personal level. Offering a QA-type profile on your individual customers is a great way to do this while also populating your blog and social media with engaging, sharable content. Another benefit is when a customer sees themselves or their business profiled on your social media feed, they generally celebrate that acknowledgement by sharing it on their own social media and blog feeds. The result is a win-win for you, with extended reach of your branding efforts combined with easily created, sharable content for your own various marketing channels.6. Write about a new hireYour relationship with your current and potential customers is built on their perception of you, your employees, and your business ethics. One good way t o nourish this relationship in your social media and blogging efforts is to spotlight your employees, especially new hires who have recently come on board. You can task the employee himself or herself to write it, and offer general guidelines about what should be included. A few possibilities could be:Their experience in the field or businessA brief introduction to who they are, where theyre from and why theyre passionate about joining your teamSome hobbies they do outside of work, since this helps them become more personable and accessible to your current and potential customers.Their favorite music or books, or anything that inspires them.A photo (either a headshot or other picture of them doing something they love)7. Offer guest postsIf your following includes other bloggers and influencers, its never a bad idea to pitch guest post spots. These can serve two purposes. First, it will provide easy, effortless content to include on your social media feeds and blog. Second, it will p rovide other bloggers and influencers with an opportunity to gain additional followers. As is the case with several of the content ideas Im suggesting, this one is a win-win for you and the person or business supplying the content. It also gives your followers an opportunity to gain valuable information about a topic that interests themâ€"so really, everyone wins.8. Show a day in the life of….Your followers will enjoy seeing posts that offer an insiders view of what a typical day in your business or office looks like. Think of this as a kind of behind-the-scenes post, letting your followers see what your employees do throughout the day and how they go about getting their job accomplished. These types of posts are usually easy to create and are only a matter of collecting a few snapshots around the office of your team having fun doing what they love to do.This kind of content not only builds your brand identity, but it also allows your past, current, and future customers to feel li ke they know your company and the people theyll be working with if they choose to hire you.9. Recommend reading materialWhen you recommend reading material and useful sources within your niche or industry, youre doing two things. First, youre showing that you are an expert in what you do, and youve done the research and legwork to ensure it. Second, youre offering helpful information to your followers, who can benefit from the advice and are likely to share it with others.Best of all, providing a link to a book on Amazon and writing a brief blurb about why you found the book helpful can be done within a matter of minutes. Its easy, sharable content that your followers are going to appreciate and find useful in their day-to-day lives.Providing a link to a book on Amazon and writing a brief blurb about why you found the book helpful can be done within a matter of minutes. Its easy, sharable content that your followers are going to appreciate and find useful in their day-to-day lives. Photo by Gaelle Marcel on Unsplash.10. Discuss trendsIf theres one thing the rise in social media use has taught us, its that people love to have discussions about topics that are important to them. You can use this to your advantage when creating engaging, sharable content for your business blog or social media feeds. Sometimes, starting the discussion is just a matter of posting a newspaper article about a certain trend related to your business or service, and asking your followers to chime in. For example, if your company is a landscaping service, an article on city codes for yards or national debates about whether front yards can be used for gardening and growing food could be excellent conversation starters. Youd be surprised at how many of your followers might have something to say about their experiences or feelings on the topic.

Maslow s Hierarchy Of Needs - 2800 Words

Throughout life, one’s personality is a very important aspect of that individual’s wellbeing. Such characteristics are not only used by others in attempts to understand their peers, but also determine one’s own satisfaction and view of themselves. People are always attempting to change who they are for the better, in efforts to live a more satisfying and self-fulfilling life through achieving higher personal needs. With that said, when studying the psychological basis behind one’s development and change in personality, one specific theory and stance seems to explain this phenomenon of bettering one’s self; that of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. This stance, embedded in the humanistic perspective, suggests that individuals are motivated to self-actualize, but such a task can only be accomplished if basic human needs are obtained beforehand (Funder, 2013). With that said, there are specific requirements presented within the hierarchy which one needs to obtain in order to ultimately improve their well-being. These five needs include an individual’s physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs (McLeod, 2007). Considering the movie â€Å"Groundhog Day,† a character by the name of Phil Connors continues to relive the same day endlessly, regardless of what he does. As a result Connors goes through an extreme personality change which can be best described through the standpoint of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Phil Connor’s Personality Described Phil Connors is anShow MoreRelatedMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1741 Words   |  7 PagesMaslow’s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s. The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs include five levels, and at the certain extent, reflect the rule of human s activities on psychological and behavior. Herzberg’ describe the more details of worker agree or disagree about working. In this essay, more related knowledge details and effects will de described, then, analysis the two theories individual, choose a better one. II. Describe the two theories. 2.1Maslow’s hierarchy of needs The Maslow’s hierarchy of needsRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1536 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of how to motivate different personality types. In the research I am going to compare Maslow’s hierarchy of needs against Lawrence and Nohira’s 4 drive theory in an attempt to better understand their possible uses inside an organizational structure. Let’s first take a look a look at the two theories before discussing their potential benefit. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. We need to keep in mind that Maslow’s field was phycology, so his research was done from a medical viewpoint more soRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1524 Words   |  7 PagesSummary of Maslow’s The Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow developed the theories of motivation because he felt that the sophistication of human behavior could not be portrayed through reinforcement or rewards. He felt that human action were directed toward realization and fulfillments and that behavior could be gratified while using multiple types of needs at the same time. Maslow wanted to find positive motivation as to why people react or engage in certain behaviors. He felt that basic survivalRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1295 Words   |  6 PagesMaslow’s hierarchy of needs (p. 379 in EP)? Outline each level and discuss how it relates to motivation. Abraham Maslow was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He originally studied law because of the influence of my parents, but after marrying his first cousin, Bertha Goodman, and moving to Wisconsin, he became interested in psychology. After achieving his Masters in Psychology, Maslow moved back to Brooklyn and started teaching at a school there. â€Å"One of the many interesting things Maslow noticedRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs982 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Maslow was one of the most influential and important educational psychologists and is recognized by many for his theory on mankind’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s theory which is known as â€Å"Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs† is best explained as a pyramid of needs that we as humans must meet in order to progress to another stage of needs. There are five stages in the pyramid of needs and they go as follows: physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and finally self-actualization. MaslowRead MoreMaslow s The Hierarchy Of Needs1769 Words   |  8 Pages Summary of Maslow’s The Hierarchy of Needs Jennifer Thompson Arkansas Tech University Author Note This individual research paper is being submitted on October 13, 2014 for Loretta Cochran’s Management [BUAD 3123] course. â€Æ' Summary of Maslow’s The Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow developed the theories of motivation because he felt that the sophistication of human behavior could not be portrayed through reinforcement or rewards. He felt that human action were directed toward realizationRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1498 Words   |  6 Pagesjust want to survive in life they want to flourish. Maslow s hierarchy of needs explains to us a ranking of needs for most essential to the least. While the interactionist point of view explains how humans are social creatures and social interaction is just as important as all of the other needs listed on Maslow’s Model. Maslow s hierarchy of needs is a ranking of needs for most essential to the least. Corrections Today explains that Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist born in New York, heRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1846 Words   |  8 PagesAbraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of needs (HON) to try and explain human psychological developments and how these manifest themselves into a worker’s life. We will explore some issues brought up by the model and why it may lack a certain the degree of unification and how it could potentially work better if entwined with other views. Motivation is the â€Å"word derived from the word ’motive’ It’s the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals† (guide, 2017) Also, MaslowRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pages This international technology company demands strong motivation, stupendous leadership and great understanding between workers. Leaders need to create willingness amongst the employees to operate at their highest potential; this willingness is referred to as motivation. This report is based on a content/needs theory of motivation (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs). It consists of two pieces of primary research on the theory. The first one summarises worker motivation on selected construction sites inRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1388 Words   |  6 Pages Abraham Maslow was an American philosopher who was born in the early 1990 s in Brooklyn, New York. He was one of the leading theorists that promoted humanistic psychology during his era. Maslow sought to understand what motivates and inspires individuals. He theorized that individuals possess and hold a group of motivation and incentive systems not related to plunder or insensible desires. Maslow declared that people are motivated and provoked to attain certain needs. When one need is fulfilled

The History of Agriculture in Nigeria from the Colonial...

THE HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN NIGERIA FROM THE COLONIAL ERA TO THE PRESENT DAY The agricultural history of Nigeria is intertwined with its political history. This is discussed broadly in the context of the varying constitutional frame works, viz: Colonial, the Internal Self Government and the Post-1960 periods, according to sectors. Crop Production: The period of the colonial administration in Nigeria, 1861-1960, was punctuated by rather ad hoc attention to agricultural development. During the era, considerable emphasis was placed on research and extension services. The first notable activity of the era was the establishment of a botanical research station in Lagos by Sir Claude Mcdonald in 1893. This was followed by the acquisition of†¦show more content†¦The Federal Department of Agricultural Research was retained since constitutional provisions placed agricultural research on the concurrent legislative list, while extension work remained a regional responsibility. The research findings of the Federal Research Stations were to be transmitted through Regional ministries responsible for agriculture and natural resources. There was also the setting up, in 1955, of a Technical Committee of the Council of Natural Resources made up of Federal and Regional Ministers and officials for the formulation of nation al research programmes as well as the co-ordination of Federal and Regional research activities. Regionalization of agriculture created a great awareness of the need for intensification of activi ties in both the research and extension fields. This led the Regions to expand, considerably, their research and extension activities in agriculture. The post-1960 was one of extensive planning and regional competition in agriculture. Concentration of attention on commodity exports, the utilisation of taxation policy by the Marketing Boards as an instrument of development finance, and the belief that food production activities could take care of themselves without any governmental intervention, became the official farm policy. Under regi onal independence, the agricultural history of the nation entered a new phase of modification ofShow MoreRelatedRevenue Allocation System in Nigeria Pre- Independence.3775 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Nigeria is Africa’s leading producer of oil and the seventh largest producer of crude oil in the world, and equally endowed with other numerous natural resources. But rather than utilizing its resources for maximum development, the country is unfortunately bedevilled with how to efficiently and effectively distribute oil revenues in an equitable manner. The revenue allocation phenomenon in Nigeria is basically the issue of distribution of national (resources) revenue, mobilized byRead MoreHistory of Education in Northern Nigeria3189 Words   |  13 PagesHISTORY OF EDUCATION IN NORTHERN NIGERIA BY EMMANUEL IWUH/DI: 440 Being a Term Paper Submitted to the Philosophy Department of Dominican institute of Philosophy and Theology, Samonda Ibadan. (In affiliation to the university of Ibadan) In partial Fulfilment for the Award of Bachelor degree in Philosophy. COURSE: TEE/301 HISTORY OF NIGERIA EDUCATION LECTURER REV. FR. EMMANUEL OGU, OP (PhD) MAY, 2012. CONTENT Introduction 1. The word â€Å"education† 2. SpreadRead MoreEffect of Ethnicity in Nigeria2371 Words   |  10 PagesON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA CHAPTER 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION Nigeria  is  by  far  the most populated of Africa’s countries, with more than one-seventh of the continent’s people. The people belong to many different ethnic groups. These groups give the country a rich culture, but they also pose major challenges to nation building. Ethnic strife has plagued Nigeria since it gained independence in 1960. Officially known as the ‘Federal Republic of Nigeria’, she has  a  federal form of governmentRead MoreThe Impact of Agricultural Sector on Economic Growth in Nigeria18675 Words   |  75 PagesEconomics of Nigeria: Paradoxes and Crossroads of Multimodal Nature Professor Eric C. Eboh Professor of Agricultural Economics University of Nigeria CONTENTS 1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2 2.0 CONCEPTUAL APPROACH OF THIS INAUGURAL LECTURE 6 REFLECTIONS ON THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY 8 3.0 4.0 5.0 AGRICULTURE FROM THE LOOKING GLASS OF MAN’S ECONOMIC HISTORY 16 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY FROM PARADIGMATIC VIEWPOINTS ABOUT THE STATE VIS-A-VIS MARKET 21 6.0 NIGERIAN AGRICULTURE FROM THE PERSPECTIVERead MoreThe Effect of Western Civilization and Culture in Africa5094 Words   |  21 PagesSciences Volume 1, No. 1 Quarter I V 2010 ISSN 2229 – 5313 THE EFFECTS OF WESTERN CIVILISATION AND CULTURE ON AFRICA Dare Arowolo (Lecturer, Dept. of Political Science Public Administration, Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria) ABSTRACT The central argument of this paper stems from the submission that colo nialism, slave trade and missionary are the platform upon which Western civilisation and culture thrive and are sustained. While insisting that Western civilisation and culture has precariouslyRead MoreEssay on Colonial Rule in Africa2149 Words   |  9 Pagescultural history, one has to wonder why any country in the continent holds a third world status. The amount of corruption and poverty within many states in Africa is astounding, and in order to unearth the reasons for the state of many African nations today one must go back to the late nineteenth century to when Africa was partitioned by the major European powers of the time. By drawing arbitrary lines on a map of Africa, the western powers effectively changed the course of African history and setRead MoreThe Nigerian Stock Market and Its Impact on the Economy9899 Words   |  40 PagesCHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW Nigeria, like many other African countries, was created from a multi-ethnic, socially and culturally diverse people, situated between the Equator and the tropic of cancer, its climate and vegetation can afford the growth of many tropical commodities such as cocoa, groundnuts, palm produce and rubber. Starting from a low technological base after political independence in 1960, the country embarked on the arduous task of building a state with one identity by integrating the differentRead MoreAn Impact Assessment of Science and Technology Policy on National Development of Nigeria61708 Words   |  247 PagesAN IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY ON NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA BY ABUBAKAR ABDULLAHI October, 2 0 0 4 ii AN IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY ON NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA BY ABUBAKAR ABDULLAHI (MATRICULATION NO. 3081) A Dissertation Submitted to St. Clements University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy in Management St. Clements University October, 2004 iii DECLARATION I declare thatRead MoreNotes18856 Words   |  76 PagesExperience Virtually everything that has gone wrong in Africa since the advent of independence has been blamed on the legacies of colonialism. Is that fair? Virtually all colonial powers had â€Å"colonial missions.† What were these missions and why were they apparently such a disaster? Did any good come out of the African â€Å"colonial experience†? Introduction Colonization of Africa by European countries was a monumental milestone in  ­ the development of Africa. The Africans consider the impact ofRead MorePrimary Sector of Economy17717 Words   |  71 PagesPrimary sector of the economy The primary sector of the economy is the sector of an economy making direct use of natural resources. This includes agriculture, forestry and fishing, mining, and extraction of oil and gas. This is contrasted with the secondary sector, producing manufactures and other processed goods, and the tertiary sector, producing services. The primary sector is usually most important in less developed countries, and typically less important in industrial countries. The manufacturing

Characteristics of Business Leadership Free Essays

Characteristics of Business Leadership BUS302-024016 October 30, 2011 Characteristics of Business Management The purpose of this paper is to show a comparison of two successful businesses. Borders Books and Amazon. com are two companies that both sold books but used different methods in operating their businesses. We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of Business Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though they both were successful businesses, both companies had different leadership styles, visions and goals. Out of the two businesses, only one remain successful and present today. In this paper, I will show how both businesses started, how the leaders differ in leadership styles and techniques, and how Amazon continues to be a great success today. Description of the Businesses I will describe each business and how each business started. I will also describe three main challenges each company faced while establishing or running the business. Amazon. com was founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos as an online bookstore. As CEO he has built it into the largest retailer on the web, selling everything from groceries to electronics and shoes. Jeff Bezos was working in a quantitive analysis group at an investment firm, when he saw an opportunity to sell books on the internet. In 1994 he went on a cross-country drive from New York to Seattle to start Amazon. He typed his business plan as he went. And he picked up $300,000 dollars from his parents in Fort Worth, Texas. He set up his business in his garage and began selling books via the internet. His business became worth $4. 4 billion according to Forbes’ latest billionaire rankings in 2009. Since the start of Amazon. om, Jeff Bezos came very close to failure. The company was on the brink of bankruptcy. Jeff Bezos lost a total of $550 million in startup cost by November 1999. But inspite of that, Time magazine named Jeff Bezos † Person of the year† a month later. Borders Books was founded by Louis Borders, who was the leader of Borders Books and got his start in Ann Arbor Michigan in 1971. Louis Borders and his brother Tom Borders opened a used bookstore, according to the book eBoys by Randall Stross. Louis Borders had a degree in math from the University of Michigan. In his store, he went to work designing artificial intelligence software for managing the inventory of a supersize bookstore, and by doing so made opening more bookstores possible. For fifteen years he and his brother operated Border Books in Ann Arbor and sold software to other stores. Borders started opening more stores. In 1988, Borders recruited Robert DiRomualdo to lead the company’s expansion. Roberts DiRomualdo was later credited with leading the company’s rise to national prominence in the 1990s. In 1992, Kmart Corp; which bought Waldenbooks in 1984, purchased the 21-store chain for an estimated $190 million , the New York Times reported at that time. Once sold, Border Books went through several changes including the name changing to Borders Group Inc. and changes in CEOs. Between January 1998 to January 1999 Borders expanded by adding 52 superstores. This was the biggest one-year expansion in its history. By January 1999, the company had 256 superstores averaging $256 in sales per square foot. In May 1998, Borders launched an online presence for the first time. Borders had several different CEOs until Mike Edwards became interim CEO in January of 2010. Leadership Styles This paragraph will explain the leaders’ leadership styles and discuss how they have adapted to cultural differences and how they operates their businesses effectively in global markets. Mike Edwards became interim CEO of Borders in January 2010. This was a time when sales were already at a decline and the company had already been close to filing bankruptcy but avoided it by cutting costs and conserving cash. The company was already at an organizational decline. Prior to him becoming CEO, Borders had already lauched an online presence for the first time in May 1998. Since then, severing ties with Amazon, the company launched a new Borders. com. So after Mike Edwards was named CEO of subsidiary Borders Inc. in June 2010, Borders launched e-book store, started selling e-readers and set strategies to get 17 percent market share in e-books within a year. Doing this online business was with a hope to increase sales nationally and globally. But I believe a mistake was made by continuing to run the business somewhat the same, but just cutting cost. Mike Edwards didn’t make the changes necessary o adapt to cultural differences and was not able to operate the business effectively in global markets. Previously Borders had business base in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore but had to sell off its business in those areas. Due to the condition Borders was in when Edwards came on as CEO, didn’t allow for a great chance of bouncing back fr om their losses. Mike Edwards’ style was to hurry and cut cost and to do quickly what he could to save the company. Really, he had no choice but to do this quickly. Jeff Bezos has a style of having a customer-focused culture and he continues to use the leadership methods they have used for years. He makes it difficult for some publicly traded companies to have the right strategy. He makes sure that Amazon. com follows different strategies to acquire business but at the same time adapting to any cultural differences that take place. He operates the business by reaching out to different global areas through his web based business. Jeff Bezos make sure he keeps up with the competition by changing the company’s strategies quickly to adapt to any changes in technology, customer needs and competition. He believes that experimenting different things will attract different cultures. Jeff Bezos believes that cultures are very stable. New people who come to the company may stay or leave. But he states that overtime, you build up this momentum around a culture that is self-perpetuating. This is a way to adjust to to different cultural differnces as well. Leadership, Management, and Motivation Management is getting work done through others efficiently and effectively. Leading involves inspiring and motivating workers to work hard to achieve organizational goals. Jeff Bezos, who founded Amazon. com in 1994, states that his view is that every company requires a long-term view. He feels that if you’re going to take a long-term orientation, you have to be willing to stay heads down and ignore a wide array of critics, even well-meaning critics. If you don’t have a willingness to be misundertood for a long period of time, then you can’t have a long-term orientation. He also states that you’re also gonna have to have a willingness to repeatedly fail if you’re gonna experiment. For some, this is a exciting and motivating culture. Also, he no longer makes all the plans. He has a group called the S Team that (Senior Team) which stays abreast of what the company is doing. This team meets for about four hours every Tuesday. And once or twice a year the S team gets together in a tw-day meeting to explore ideas. This is an example of group decision making. On the other hand, Mike Edwards’ focus was to stick to the business plan that he said works. He stated that they were fighting to the end and hoping that a reorganization plan would be approved. By cutting back and closing some stores would help Borders to exit bankruptcy. He did state that Borders mistake was to open so many stores. He immediatley took action and began an aggressive cost-cutting plan to close stores and lay-off workers. Leader’s Impact Jeff Bezos made an impact on the world by allowing customers worldwide via the web to purchase books, and everything from groceries, electronics and shoes and more. This allowed customers to shop from the comfort of their own home. This was a great convenience for customers around the globe. Also, Louis Borders vision had an impact on the world as well. When Borders and his brother Tom started Borders Books, Louis Bothers took his knowledge and designed artificial intelligience that would later benefit other stores by selling them the software to use for their businesses as well. Boarder Books stores allowed customers to purchase all types of books and also to have an peaceful environment to enjoy reading their books. Borders Books later intergrated music and movies into some of their stores. Even though Mike Edwards didn’t become CEO of subsidairy Borders Inc. until June 2010, he made an impact on the internal structure by taking drastic measures to save the company by closing alot of the stores and laying-off employees. This not only affected the employees but the consumers who shopped at Borders as well. All these drastic actions also affected the morale of the employees and stores that remained until Borders announced it’s liquidation in July 2011. } References Bomey, Nathan (2011). Borders’ rise and fall: a timeline of the bookstore chain’s 40-year history. http://Ann Arbor. com/business-review/Borders-rise-and-fall-a-timeline-of-the-bookstore-chains-40-year-history Bomey, Nathan (2011). Exclusive interview with Borders How to cite Characteristics of Business Leadership, Papers

Linguistics - Style Shifting free essay sample

To egging with I will summaries the project, its aims and objectives, and very briefly explain style shifting, which I will later build on by explaining some previous research into the topic. I will then describe the methodology used for the investigation and finally report any findings from the project as well as build conclusions by discussing any issues, problems and successes from the investigation and suggest some ideas for future research. Summary of the Project Style-shifting refers to the way in which people change the way they speak depending on the context of the speech.The language that people use is often distinctive and seen to be appropriate for particular situations. In other words, the use of a certain way of speaking has an appropriate time and place in which it is spoken and to particular people to which it is spoken to. For example, if you were to analyses the speech between a politician and a close friend the language style would be far different to say, the style of language they use in a speech to a group of voters in an electorate. We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics Style Shifting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The situation in which a type of language is found can usually be seen as appropriate or inappropriate to the style of language used. It would not be seen as appropriate for a politician to speak in a style that is overly casual by Joking and swearing while telling a speech to parliament and, on the other hand, when speaking to a close friend or family member it may be seen as over the top or impersonal to speak overly formal when it is Just a casual conversation. To study style-shifting I chose to analyses my own everyday speech and apply previous approaches to style to identify any style-shifting within my own language in an attempt to understand when, where and why I choose to speak in particular styles. Using three different approaches from previous research including the attention to speech approach, the audience-design model and the speaker design model I have discovered some interesting findings.Aims and objectives The aims of this project are to apply previous theories of style-shifting in linguistics to look at my own personal speech. To narrow it down I focused on identifying style shifts within my own conversations and attempted to find reasons or causes for these shifts by using previous studies which identify causes and applying them to my discourse analyses. As my objective is to only analyses my own speech rather than there it is impossible to confidently generalist any findings to all people but many of the findings could be se en to generally apply to many other people.Literature review There have been a number of approaches to style in linguistics that have attempted to explain why style-shifting occurs in speech. Labor approached style as attention paid to speech. For this approach Labor believed that style could be placed along a single dimension and measured by the amount of attention paid to ones own speech (2001:7). This single continuum was thought to place the vernacular, I. E. The most usual speech, as it is the earliest acquired and most commonly used, at one extreme, with the other extreme being a highly formal style of speech.Examples of casual speech may be recorded in contexts such as extended or emotional narratives or conversations among peers and Labor found channel cues which act as elements to identify casual speech, such as laughter, increased tempo, raised pitch and heavier breathing. A formal context can be defined as where more than the minimal attention is paid to speech (1984:29) and examples of common formal contexts include responses to interview questions or when in a speech condition to an audience.With his style as attention to speech approach Labor reported that social class distinctions tend to be preserved in ea ch speech style and also the slope of style-shifting tends to be identical across social classes (1984:29). This approach also found that patterns of variation in casual, vernacular speech give a truer picture of linguistic changes in progress than formal speech does as formal speech tends to be conservative or distorted (1984:29). Bell later proposed another approach which was an audience-design model of style shifting.This model assumes that speakers adjust heir speech primarily towards that of their audience in order to express commonality or intimacy with them, or conversely away from their audiences speech in order to express distance (2001:7) Bells model elaborates a categorization of audience members: Addressees are those who are directly addressed, approved participants Auditors are not directly addressed, but are approved participants Overhears are non-approved listeners of whom the speaker is aware Eavesdroppers are non-approved listeners of whom the speaker is unaware, Referees are non-present groups with whom speakers attempt to identify while they re speaking to addressees, e tc. Bell believed that the main reason for style-shifting is the speakers attempt to gain the audiences approval. Style-shifts are thus mainly responses to features of the context, including the audience (2001:6) This approach found that not all audience members are equally important.Their importance is proportional to the degree to which the speaker recognizes them. The model also found that speakers typically make subtle adjustments of style for a range of different addressees, and too lesser degree for other types of audience members. A ore recent approach to style-shifting is called speaker design which works to break down the original dichotomy between social and stylistic variation since the projection of ones identity includes both its permanent aspects as well as momentary ones. The main focus of this approach is the idea that identity is dynamic. This means that speakers project different roles in different circumstances.The interaction of the desire to project identity with the recognition that audiences differ, means that it is not a purely individual occurrence, but rather a relational one 2001:7) This approach assumes that all speech is performance and that all style- shifts involve adopting roles which contradicts earlier approaches that believe the vernacular is the most natural and does not require speakers to put on roles. Methodology In order to collect data for this investigation I recorded a number of conversations in which I was a part. I chose to analyses two different mediums including face-to -face spoken conversations between myself with both people I know as well as people I didnt know. The other medium I thought to be appropriate was e-mails and social networking site messages. Social networking websites have become incredibly popular since the previous approaches to style-shifting originated so I found it very interesting identifying styles of language used on the social network of Backbone.This led to some interesting observations and findings that are unique to written discourse. Examples of people that I was familiar with included friends, housemates and family members. People that I did not know included customers at my own work, putting me in the store assistant role, as well as store assistants in other businesses, putting me in the customer role. Findings To begin with I found that the style of language used certainly depends on the mode (I. E. The medium) whether it be spoken or written. For written discourse I believe that more time can be used to think about what we are going to say so we can consciously decide the style of language that we are going to use.For an e-mail or letter for example people have time to plan what they have to say and if it is a friendly, casual e-mail or letter then not much time needs to be put into ensuring that the language is appropriate. On the other hand if the e-mail or letter is intended for say a boss, a equines or an organization you would expect that the sender would adopt a rather formal style of language to ensure that they are taken seriously and to keep it appropriate. Within conversation style-shifting may occur if an authority figure replies to a formal e-mail or letter in a rather casual manner which will often prompt the original sender to relax and adopt a casual register as well. Written Discourse I chose to look at two very different written conversations between myself and others.The first example is a conversation between me and a student liaison officer at university (Extract 3). As I was unfamiliar with the recipient my language can be seen as reasonably formal and polite as I am requesting some information and advice about future studies. The use of Dear Carmen to begin the e-mail is unique of written discourse as you would not expect to begin a spoken conversation like this. This opening can be seen as polite, and appropriate as it is an expected way of beginning a formal e-mail. The e-mail ends with a very formal register as I write that I would greatly appreciate her assistance. This type of style can be seen as appropriate for the addressee, the mode and the context of the conversation.By cooking at this e-mail alone we can apply the three approaches of style in saying that I paved a great deal of attention to my speech to ensure that it was appropriate, I adopted a formal register to get the approval of the audience, and I also chose to speak formally as I adopted a certain role of a student showing respect for an authority figure. In contrast to this set of e-mail, the next example shows a very casual register that I used in an exchange of e-mails between myself and a friend traveling overseas (Extract 4). This entire conversation is very relaxed and casual suggesting that we are speaking in the vernacular. The use of nicknames, such as Hey Travels, Marge, Harsh, Huzzah and Floozy all help to keep the conversation casual and lighthearted.The use of cursing within the e-mail is seen as appropriate and also shows that the conversation is very casual as no offence would be taken, whereas swearing in the above example of an e-mail to an authority figure may be seen as highly inappropriate. Abbreviations and lack of care with spelling show that the language is closer to the vernacular, in that it is more like everyday speech and less attention is being paid to speech, this is how you would look at it if you adopted Labors approach to style. Using Bells approach to style you can see that I have adjusted my speech primarily towards that of the audience (I. E. A friend) in order to express commonality or intimacy with them.The speaker-design approach would view my speech within this e-mail as simply adopting a role of say a close friend Just speaking comfortably within having to worry about of fending anyone or undermining authority. Spoken Discourse I next chose to analyses spoken discourse and recorded two similar conversations but with myself adopting two opposite roles. The first extract (Extract 1) is from a cording of my own speech at work as a store assistant welcoming customers into a furniture store. The language I use is rather formal and polite as you can see from the underlined phrases such as thank-you and youre welcome. The reason for this is that people expect to be spoken to politely and with courtesy in this type of context and for me to be helpful.Another reason for my use of formal language in this context is that the customers, like most of the customers that come into my work, are a fair bit older than I am so I find it appropriate to show respect in the way that I peak to them. I find that I can relax a little more when it comes to speaking to customers around my age and use slightly less formal language. The second extract (Extract 2) is a role-reversal where I was the customer at a cloth ing store, looking for a particular item. The style that I use for this context is a little less formal, yet still polite, as I expect the store assistant to help me. The language I use is far more casual as you can see by the use of terms such as wicked, do you reckon, and sweet, thanks. You can see that the language used by the store assistant is also ether casual as we were both of similar ages so there is a sense of mutual respect rather than one-sided. As you can see in this example of style-shifting, the language I choose to use is a lot different due to the addressee whether it be because of their status, age or simply due to what I can get out of the conversation for example if I am more formal and polite to customers they may be more likely to buy something and also if I speak politely yet casually to a store assistant then maybe they will be more likely to offer assistance. The three approaches to style can be applied very well to these two examples of spoken discourse.

Criminal Law Child Protection from Pornography and Labor

Criminal Law Child Protection from Pornography and Labor Introduction The problems facing the children internationally include internet child pornography and child labor. These are problems widespread across the globe because of abating of the vices by government officials of various states and instability of various policy frameworks set by the governments.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Criminal Law: Child Protection from Pornography and Labor specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also, the social malpractices like bribery have also led to the laxity in dealing with the menace. There is a need for the involvement of the community and organization of goodwill, in the alleviation of poverty and suffering of children. This owes to the fact that poverty is the root cause of child abuse. Internet child pornography The internet is a virtual platform for the predation of children by the unscrupulous people. The people who propagate this vice act illegally, given that it is hard to apprehend them legally. This owes to the fact that different countries have their jurisdictions and internet space. This makes it difficult for identifying, arresting, and prosecution of these criminals. Moreover, not every nation is a signatory to the international internet protocol pact. Therefore, some countries allow the practice in their jurisdiction. Sanderson (2007, 23) posits that lack of funding also contributes to the low legal response to this vice. This aggravates the situation because the legal practitioners, who ought to investigate the suspects, accept bribes, and let the suspects go unpunished. Child labor This is the forced working of children at attender age, usually between the age of 5 and 14 years. This arises from the low financial status of families. This is because their parents forcefully bond some children because they have no power to object. Furthermore, young children may not be aware of the problem until later in life. This practice denies the children the chance of attending school; hence, they grow as illiterates. This affects every aspect of their lives, including their financial stability. The practice is usually concealed. Hence it becomes difficult for the policy enforcers to crack down on the propagators of these criminals. Hugh (2009, 35) posits that the consent of the parents of the children to the vice aggravates the situation. However, financial instability is the overriding causal problem. Therefore, it is incumbent upon all governments to boost the economic and financial welfare of its citizenry to avert the vice. Children can also be abducted and subjected to forced labor by the abductors. The children are compelled to work in adverse conditions detrimental to their health and safety. The children are also denied freedom of expression to suppress complaints from the children. Indeed, they are also denied the freedom of movement, given that they may escape (Chris, 2007, 51). This makes the children afraid and traumat ized; hence; they are forever victims of circumstance. They do not receive any compensation for the services they offer.Advertising Looking for report on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Remedial measures for Internet child pornography There is a remedy to the vice of internet child pornography. Governments ought to liaise in curbing this vice. This can be done through harmonizing of policies of various governments about internet misuse. The sites that provide child pornography need to be banned from the operation and heavy fines charged. Also, the parents of children should teach, guide, and counsel their children on the virtues of life and the negative impacts of watching such pornographic videos online. This will enlighten the children of the immorality of indulging in the practice. The government also ought to create laws prohibiting the practice and provision of severe penalties for committing and a bating the practice. Corporate Social Responsibility in the International education center This is an international organization, which provides education to children across the globe. It has branches all over the world. The organization embraces the aspect of corporate social responsibility because of the vitality of the practice. This responsibility is implied for every organization. Its practice leads to goodwill from the members of society and assures of the going concern of the organization because of the many benefits derived from the initiative. This institution carries out a free educational program for all the street children around its locations in the world. This affords the street children an opportunity to access literacy and intellectual development. Furthermore, the education obtained opens all avenues of the lives of these children, including financial breakthroughs. This lowers the crime rate in such towns, given that street children grow up to be robbers and burgla rs (Hugh, 2009, 43). In this regard, society benefits from this corporate social responsibility of the institution. Ways of making child welfare projects successful There are many ways in which children can be assisted to overcome their predicaments. First is the creation of non-governmental organizations to clamor for adherence to child rights. These initiatives also advocate for the ban of all social evils done to children, including child labor. According to Farquhar (2008, 67), these organizations will spearhead the restoration of fair treatment of children across the globe. The creation of many needy children centers will provide a safe place for vulnerable children. This will reduce the numbers of cases of child mistreatment and abuse. Ways of Improving We Care organization We Care initiative can be improved through sufficient funding, which will enable the meeting of the divergent needs of children from all occupations. In this regard, parents and other people will bring the children to the organization for rehabilitation and intellectual development.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Criminal Law: Child Protection from Pornography and Labor specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The donation of various goodies like learning materials, food, and other learning paraphernalia necessities will make We Care organization a better place for all and sundry. The organization can also be improved through the use of corporate social responsibility aspect. This will create awareness to the community regarding the agenda of the organization. Conclusion There is a need for a concerted effort in ensuring the welfare of all children across the globe. The synergistic approach will eliminate the mistreatment of children and the propagation of immoral practices like internet child pornography and child labor. Internet child pornography can be eliminated through the collective ban of the practice among all natio ns across the globe. This will be possible through the constitutional amendments to accommodate the ban of internet child pornography. Child labor can also be curbed through full implementation of the child rights. This will help in the apprehension of the people who take part in child abuse. Organizations can help children through complying with the corporate social responsibilities. Helping the needy and vulnerable children will earn the organizations the reputation of the society because of the support given the children. References Chris, B. (2007). Child Protection: An Introduction. California: Publisher-SAGE. Farquhar, S.E. (2008). The Benefits Risks of Childcare (ECE) for Young Children. New Zealand: Child Forum. Hugh, H. (2009). The World of Child Labour. New York: M.E. Sharpe Publications. Sanderson, C. (2007). The seduction of children: empowering parents and teachers to protect children from child sexual abuse. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.Advertising Looking for report on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

All Truth About Worlds Most Powerful Universities

All Truth About Worlds Most Powerful Universities All Truth About Worlds Most Powerful Universities Every person who wants to be successful understands that one of the main preconditions is a good education. It might not always be necessary, because self-education in the era of Internet is of a huge importance, but it surely plays a significant role in everyone’s life. That’s why in the high school we plan to enter one of the most prestigious universities. We dream about studying in Ivy League schools or other elite colleges and order application essays from research paper writing services to get a better chance to enter. We have gathered some interesting information about most powerful universities of the world. Number 1 college in the world since 2003 is Harvard. It is situated in Cambridge, Massachusetts. They are the best in Social Science, Biology, History, Mathematics and History. However, their acceptance rate is only 6%, so you have to work hard in order to study in Harvard. But it’s definitely worth it. They have the biggest number of Nobel winners (151), fortune 500 CEO’s (25) and degrees (31). Among their alumni there are Barack Obama, Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg and Lloyd Blankfein. The world’s â„â€"1 school in the annual QS world university rankings list 2013 is Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It is the best place to study Engineering, Physical Science, Economics, Biology or Linguistics. Their acceptance rate is 8.2% and undergraduate fees are $43,720. Only the best students study at this college, that’s why their total enrollment is not huge – 11,331. And we can never forget about the oldest university in the English-speaking world – University of Oxford. They accept 17.2% of all the applicants and you can study Politics, Economics, Science, Mathematics, Literature and Philosophy. Among their graduates there are David Cameron, Tony Blair, Bill Clinton, Margaret Thatcher, J.R.R. Tolkien and 58 Nobel winners. University of Cambridge is the 3rd oldest university in the world and â„â€"3 in university rankings list 2013. With a total enrollment of 19.938 their acceptance rate is 21% and undergraduate tuition and fees are  £9000. They offer following programs: Mathematics, Science, Humanities Science, Computer Science and Biology. Among their most influential alumni – Isaac Newton, John Milton, Charles Darwin, Francis Bacon, Henry Cavendish and Salman Rushdie. Another university that made a huge contribution to science is University of California. It is also a founder of American Universities Association. 69 of their alumni are Nobel winners and their majors are Science, Literature/Art, Chemistry, Engineering, and Economics. If you want to study ecosystems and ionosphere you should definitely choose the best university in these fields – Stanford University. It is also affiliated with the Hoover Institution. That’s where Larry Page met Sergey Brin and then founded Google, William Hewlett became friends and partners with David Packard, and thanks to the fact that Mike Krieger studied with Kevin Systrom in Stanford University we have Instagram. Another one of the Ivy League schools situated in New Haven, Connecticut, is Yale University. It has a huge influence on American politics. It also offers programs in Arts/Humanities, Science/Medicine, Natural Sciences, Engineering/Technology, Social Science Management. One of the youngest elite universities is the University of Chicago. It’s in the top 10 of the world’s schools since 2004. Since 1890 89 Nobel winners graduated from this university and you have definitely heard about their famous alumni – Kurt Vonnegut Jr., John Ashcroft, Jesse Jackson and John Paul Stevens. The exclusive Ivy League Research institution is Princeton University. It is the 4th oldest and one of the richest schools in the world. Their acceptance rate is only 7.4% with a total enrollment of 8,138. Here you can study Humanities, Natural Sciences and Social Science, like 37 Nobel winners did in their times. But not all of the world’s most powerful universities are situated in the USA and UK. Another great university is ETH Zà ¼rich, Switzerland. It’s the 8th world’s best technology school and the top university in Continental Europe. If you want to study Mathematics, Engineering/Technology or Science and want to study in Europe you should definitely enter this university like Albert Einstein did. As you can see these universities are definitely the most influential ones and play a huge role in science and politics development. For more details and useful data check out the infographic given below.

Applied Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Applied Law - Essay Example This means that there is a promise made in return for something, which has already occurred. The promise to donate the receipts to the charity organization constitutes to insufficient consideration and cannot be enforceable (Adams, 2004). The formation of a contract takes place when what one party offers is accepted by the other party to the contract. Krauses cannot avoid the contract after learning that they could have sold the piece of land at a higher price than the price, which Jud offered. This is because they have already accepted the offer. Acceptance of the offer means that the Krauses bound themselves legally to the terms of the contract. Therefore, avoiding the contract could constitute to breach of contract. Krauses can only withdraw from the offer if they had not accepted the offer (Bhana, Bonthuys & Nortje, 2009). Jud can be held to pay the typewritten amount since a contract constitutes a legal agreement in writing between the two parties to a contract. This means that Jud is bound to pay the typewritten amount rather than the offered amount (Bhana, Bonthuys & Nortje,

Marketing Management exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Management exam - Essay Example Eight demand states in marketing of bifocal lenses are detailed below: Negative Demand: A product is said to face negative demand when a significant segment of the market dislikes it and even pays to avoid it (Kotler and Keller, 2006, p. 10). The fundamental task of marketing managers in this situation is to find out the reasons for this negative demand state to the product and take effective measures to counteract them (Sandhusen, 2000, p. 59). People in some countries have a negative demand for vaccination, but, it is very unlikely in the demand for bifocal lenses. No Demand (Nonexistent demand): When the target-market customers are unaware or are uninterested in a product, it is called no demand state (Kotler and Keller, 2006, p. 10). The main task of marketing managers in this state will be to connect potential product benefits to the needs and wants of the target-customers. This is also very unlikely in the case of demand for bifocal lenses, because, people are well aware of it. Latent Demand: It is when many prospective consumers share a strong need but that cannot be satisfied by the existing product (Kotler and Keller, 2006, p. 10). For example, demand for hair restoratives and painless diets (Sandhusen, 2000, p. 59). The marketing manager is, in this state, expected to measure the potential demand and develop products accordingly. Currently, sufficient quantities of bifocal lenses are available in the market to satisfy prospective demands for it. Latent demand is often described as a vague want (Baker, 1998, p. 80). Declining Demand: It is a state in which customers begin to buy a product less frequently or not at all (Kotler and Keller, 2006, p. 10). Even though demand for bifocal lenses is not declining, some factors can likely cause it in the future. In this case, the marketing management is responsible to analyze reasons and project better strategies to counteract the trend. Irregular Demand: This occurs when seasonal, monthly,

Paula Fass Outside In Essay -- Teaching Education Essays

Paula Fass' Outside In In Outside In, Paula Fass asserts that the form and function American education has been determined by the equilibrium between two predominate goals and ideals of education— to create a unified society with common values and beliefs (ecclesiastical objective) and to nurture the individual potential of each student by observing the individual needs and desires that students bring to public instruction (liberal objective). . The author aims to illuminate the tension that exists today between these two objectives by exploring how American education served â€Å"the other† throughout the first half of the twentieth century. Fass’s definition of the â€Å"other† includes those groups â€Å"outside the power networks that organized school systems and ran school organizations†(9). Outside In focuses on four groups in particular—immigrants, blacks, women, and Catholics. The experience each group brings a unique perspective to the evolving state of American education during this time period. Fass places most emphasis on the role of immigration and industrialization in the development of the aspirations, tensions and paradoxes of American education. In many ways, the problem of the immigrant at the turn of the 20th century gave birth to the ecclesiastical and liberal objectives of education. Before the development of the industrial age, an individual’s employment provided an important socializing experience. Industrialization greatly expanded employment opportunities, but the work was often brute manual labor with little educational value. Fass summarizes the reformist opinion of the time to be that â€Å"industrial labor failed to fit an older framework of socialization and did not serve as a force for social cohesion†(18).... ...sts discovered when they tried to cater to the individual needs of immigrants, to emphasize one objective is to sacrifice the other. The plight of blacks and women in the first part of the 20th century suggests that even the noblest of philosophies are not guaranteed to serve individuals in practice. Further, federal intervention into education, such as with the No Child Left Behind Act, should give educators pause to question what educational oversights would cause the federal government to intervene in its historical role as protector of the overlooked and unnoticed. Finally, the success of Catholic schools in the 1950’s and 1960’s is suggestive of the value of a standard, academic curriculum, but one must remember that Catholic schools enjoy the luxury of choosing the students they educate. Works Cited: Fass, Paula. Outside In New York: Oxford Press, 1989

Engage in personal development in health

Engage in personal development in health, social care or children's and young people's settings (SSH 32) Outcome 1 1 _ Wealth my role as a support worker It Is my duty to support an Individual to complete everyday tasks. This can be activities such as food shopping. House chores, preparing food and drinks, making and attending appointments, attending college or day centre facilities, or participating in clubs for people with special needs.I have a responsibility to ensure the activity is achievable for the client and that I am roving the right support to achieve this. 2. As a support worker I have a duty to adhere to the codes of practice set out by my employers and also to ensure I adhere to the regulations set out by law. National occupational standards (NOSE) ensure I give the appropriate support and care to an individual. Outcome 2 1 . Reflective practice means thinking about and evaluating what I do and discussing any changes which could be made.Thinking about how I could have d one something differently, what I did well and what I could have done better. It also means reflecting our own values, beliefs and experiences which shape our thoughts and ideas. By continuously evaluating my performance I am able to ensure I am providing the expected level of service set out within the company's guidelines. 3. Everyone has different values, beliefs and experiences. We are more likely to be friendly and welcoming to people that share the same values and beliefs as us and less friendly to those that do not.However within my role it is expected that I provide he same level of care to every individual. Identifying your own beliefs and values will enable you to be aware of your reactions to others and enable them not to impact on the way you work. This is an important part of personal and professional development. Outcome 3 1 . Codes of practice are put in place to enable you to understand your role and your responsibilities. Care plans are in place for each individual and the support I am required to provide is person-centered.I have a duty to ensure I am aware of each individual's needs and to highlight any area I believe needs refocusing. Training ensure I adhere to regulations set out by law and the policies and procedures in place adhere to the current NOSE guidelines. Outcome 4 1 . Planning and reviewing my development usually takes place during planned supervision with my manager and my yearly appraisal. However I can approach either of my team leaders if I believe I require further training that is relevant to my role, they will speak with management on my behalf.Outside sources of support such as care managers, learning disabilities team or ICQ may also highlight areas they feel further training is required if it is relevant to an individual I am to provide support too. Outcome 5 1 . Attending training courses has enabled me to provide a level of care that is specific to the needs of the individual I am providing support too. During team meetings we may discuss service users and their needs. If a colleague has found something that works for them they will highlight it and it may be something I can use when working with that individual.

Theories of Motivation - 1011 Words

Theories of Motivation Arousal: * A person’s state of alertness and mental and physical activation. Arousal Theory: * People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal. * The optimal level is different for all of us. Stimulus Motives: * Motives that cause us to increase stimulation. * Appear to be unlearned, * Curiosity, exploration, and play that occur when your arousal is too low. Yerkes-Dodson Law Yerkes-Dodson Law: * Principle that performance on a task is best when arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task: * Higher arousal for simple tasks. * Moderate arousal level for moderate tasks. * Low arousal for difficult tasks. Sensory Deprivation: * A†¦show more content†¦ATTRIBUTIONS * Situational attributions: the person attributes behaviour to some external cause or factor operating with the situation. * Disposal attributions: the person attributes the behaviour to some internal cause or personal trait. * Actor-observer bias: the tendency to attribute our own shortcomings primarily to situational factors and those of others to internal or dispositional factors. FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR * Our overemphasis on internal factors and underestimation of external factors when we explain other people’s behaviour. SELF-SERVING BIAS We attribute our successes to dispositional causes and failures to situational causes FACTORS INFLUENCING ATTRACTION * Proximity or geographic closeness * Mere-exposure effect * Reciprocity or reciprocal liking * Physical attractiveness * Matching hypothesis * Similarity SOCIAL INFLUENCE * Conformity: * Changing one’s behaviour or attitude in order to be consistent with the norms of a group or the expectations of others * Solomon asch study * Norms: * Attitudes and standards of behaviour expected of members of a group. * Obedience: * Following orders * Stanley milgram study COMPLIANCE * Foot-in-the-door technique: first make a small request andShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Motivation And Motivation Theories1493 Words   |  6 Pagesextent, needs of theories of motivation are still relevant to contemporary management practice. Theories of motivation are important as it helps managers to understand their employees’ needs of motivations, and to motivate their employees to perform and excel better. There are several motivation theories; this essay will briefly explain six major theories of motivation and discuss three of the theories in more detail. This essay will also explain the needs theories of motivation, and will focus onRead MoreMotivation Theory : Motivation And Motivation846 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Jones Psychology April 28 2016 Motivation Theories Having motivation to do something is very important. Motivation plays a huge roll in everyone’s life, even If someone has very little motivation. There are several types of motivation such as Instinct and drive motivation. These two motivations are quite similar, but different at the same time. I will compare and contrast both of these types of motivation and what I think about them. These motivations are very important to your life and canRead MoreMotivation Theories Of Motivation And Motivation Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pages Overview of Presentation What is motivation? Cognitive theories of Motivation Forms of Motivation Motivation Theories Profile of Motivational Problems How to Motivate Students What is Motivation? Many different theorists have tried to define what is meant by motiviation. Urdan and Schoenfelder (2006) defined Motivation as follows: â€Å"Motivation is a complex part of human psychology and behavior that influences how individuals choose to invest their time, how much energy they exert in any givenRead MoreMotivation And Theory Of Motivation1464 Words   |  6 PagesIt is suggested by psychologists that motivation can be understood as a technique that works as a model that starts and maintains behaviours. The reason we all act or do something is caused by motivation; it is related to the emotions, biology and the social factors that influence behaviour. It is usually a term used to explain why an individual will do something, the reasons behind that action. Moreover, The term motivation refers to factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behaviourRead MoreThe Theory Of Motivation And Motivation1401 Words   |  6 Pages Schools of thought in relation to motivation refer to the theories developed by different psychologists to explain motivation in dept. it is crucial to understand motivation and the factors that cause it since it contributes to achievement of one’s goal and desires in life. Therefore, motivation can be described as the process of enticing an individual through a reward to increase the occurrence of a specified behavior in an organization. Different factors can be used as motivators in an organizationRead MoreThe Theory Of Motivation And Motivation1010 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation is defined as an act or process that inspires and stimulates a person to be an effort to achieve a goal. It not only puts employees in act, but also makes them feel interesting with their job. As a result, most of employees are feeling satisfaction with their job, becoming creativity, innovation and productivity as well. However, to successful in motivating the staff is required an appropriate met hod that meets with all staff’s need. Otherwise, it is seems to useless in driving the employeesRead MoreMotivation Theory And Expectancy Theory Of Motivation1742 Words   |  7 Pagesplace. This problem mainly occurs in organisation when there is lack of motivation, lack of organisational justice, negative culture and low morale. The purpose of this case study is to give brief view about, why employees had to face these problems and how to make positive culture and what and where the changes are required for the WA force. This report introduces MARS motivation theory and Expectancy theory of motivation for improves officers’ behaviours towards force, with that how can they fillRead MoreMotivation Theories And Motivation Of Employee Motivation Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol and some that are not. Employee motivation is something that can directly affect an organizations production. It is no secret that un-motivated employees equates to un-productive workers, but how can we combat this? In order to better understand this concept we will look at the definition of employee motivation, some of the motivation theories and some motivation techniques that could be useful in our organizations. What is employee motivation? Motivation is a word used quite often in many differentRead MoreMotivation Theories1236 Words   |  5 PagesThe four motivation theories are Biological theory, Psychosocial theory of motivation, Biopsychosocial, and Achievement theory. Everyone has their own motivation in life for continuing education, and career choices. Each person also has Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivators. Intrinsic is an internal motivation for self satisfaction. Extrinsic is an external motivation, or reward for a person’s accomplishment. Motivation Theories: Linda was motivated to go back to school because she wanted an educationRead MoreMotivation Theories1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Motivation is the will and desire that a person has to engage in a particular behaviour or perform a particular task† (Lawley King, P269). In life motivation will be needed to enhance the workforce in various ways, many organisations will use motivation to increase the percentage yield of an individual or to make an individual feel a part of the business or organisation. Incentives have a huge influence on behaviourist extrinsic approach. In addition other aspects; humanist theorist, intrinsic

Verbatim Reflection - 1849 Words

When I brought this verbatim to my supervisor and peers, I received affirmation and criticism that I carried with me the rest of the summer. They named one of my main strengths that they saw show up in this verbatim—my ability to connect with people on a human level, to make people feel comfortable and at ease in my presence. They saw this in how the patient felt comfortable sharing her struggles concerning her hospital trip, but also about her daughter and her churches. To me, I did not see this as anything special; I thought it was normal and natural to focus not only on what was happening in the hospital, but on the patient’s life more broadly—I want patients to know that they are more than their present illness, and that their present†¦show more content†¦It opened the door to extend grace to myself, and to be aware of when my own fear and discomfort was getting in the way of a pastoral visit. This awareness is not natural, but comes as a result of r eflecting both individually and with others. Question 5: Impressions of Clinical Pastoral Education The most significant learning experience I had from CPE was a shift from doing things perfectly, to being a human to another human. When I started CPE, I was fearful I did not know what to â€Å"do.† The scant few days of training and orientation seemed wholly inadequate for the task ahead—I was supposed to provide pastoral care? I was supposed to be a chaplain? Suddenly the vocation I had dreamed of doing for so long was before me, and I was terrified of messing it up. The clinical method of learning—action, reflection, action—seemed outrageous. I am a perfectionist, and I often want to know the exact steps in the procedure; I want to know what to do to achieve optimal results. I was immobilized by fear of failure. Our supervisor jokingly cajoled us with the phrase, â€Å"Get lost!† What started as his best advice to navigating the confusing world of the hospital became advice in a much broader sense. He emphasized that CPE was about getting lost a nd finding your way through, it was about letting go of a theology of perfection toShow MoreRelatedThe Parable Of The Good Samaritan830 Words   |  4 Pagesversions of the Bible. Therefore, I decided to read this passage with New International Version, The Message by Eugene Peterson, English Standard Version, and Korean Revised Version. I decided to read in Korean as well because I wanted to have better verbatim understanding of the passage. After reading the passage for three times in each version, I reflected on my role as a Christian and my understanding of a neighbor. Reading through this passage, the definition of neighbor for me is one who is in needRead Moreverbatim theatre1280 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Verbatim essay; â€Å"the main purpose of Verbatim theatre has always been to challenge audiences into a confrontation with real events and concrete facts, an to prevent their escapism into theatrical fantasy.† How well does this statement apply to Verbatim plays, RRR and LP? Alfred Hitchcock commented, â€Å" what is drama but life with the dull bits cut out.† This quotes is typically true of drama, however verbatim theatre is contrary to this as it forces it audiences to confront serious issuesRead MoreStandard Costing and Variance Analysis, Abc Costing1705 Words   |  7 Pagesreading. No reflection on key issues. | There is some evaluation of the materials used in the work. The work is based on a limited number of appropriate sources.Little reflection on key issues. | Good evaluation of materials used, with discernment obvious as to key sources. The work is based on a number of appropriate sources. Some reflection on key issues. | Good evaluation of all key/important sources materials used. The work is based on a wide range of appropriate sources. Good reflection on key issuesRead MoreResults of the VARK Questionnaire812 Words   |  3 Pages Manuals are also easier for me to understand and follow than other forms of information acquisition. I should also use glossaries, dictionaries, and learn the definitions of words. They also suggest that I take copious notes and these should be verbatim. I excel, according to the website, with essays and teachers who use words well and have lots of information in sentences and notes. 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How about you respect my culture?† (Wade, 2012, p.110) Both these poignant quotes, one from each play, demonstrate what new writing tries to tackle and achieve through self -reflection, decomposition and separation among ourselves and one another. Are these quoted assumptions good? Are they fair? Are they right? Fundamental to the credentials of new writing in contemporary theatre is its role in â€Å"affronting the ruling ideas ofRead MoreReliable Sources Worksheet Essay1079 Words   |  5 PagesHai-feng. Date:   Mar 2012 Title: The Application of English  Movies  in Higher Vocational English Teaching. Publication: Mar 2012 Peer Reviewed? No What words did you use to find this article? Movies What type of article is this (research, summary, reflection, essay, etc.)? Article Did this article include an abstract? Yes Summarize the article (75 to 100 words) English has become more and more significant. 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The processRead MoreSelf Reflection Assignment : Sales Force Training1560 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-reflection assignment: Sales force training 0 SALES FORCE TRAINING Student Number: 73517147 Date: 30th September, 2015 Self-reflection assignment: Sales force training 1 Introduction The issue I have faced in the organizations I have worked for in the past is driving business by understanding customer needs and asking the right questions to develop that understanding and then recommend products or services. This would fall under the bucket of sales force training. Sales training significantlyRead MoreEssay On Gender Differences In Major Selection781 Words   |  4 Pagesapproach. Moreover, Morgan et al. (2012) revealed a finding that the occupational plans of high school seniors are strong predictors of initial college major selection only when occupational plans are measured with sufficient detail, here by using the verbatim responses of students. This approach by looking into the data in detail would give a suggestion for further researches. On the other hand, Mann et al. (2012) used the various sources of data to maximum the time length, which provided an overview

Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District Essay - 1635 Words

In cases having to do with constitutionality, the issue of the separation of church and state arises with marked frequency. This battle, which has raged since the nation?s founding, touches the very heart of the United States public, and pits two of the countrys most important influences of public opinion against one another. Although some material containing religious content has found its way into many of the nations public schools, its inclusion stems from its contextual and historical importance, which is heavily supported by material evidence and documentation. It often results from a teacher?s own decision, rather than from a decision handed down from above by a higher power. The proposal of the Dover Area School District to†¦show more content†¦If approved, the bill would require intelligent design to be taught alongside any evolutionary theory in order to present an ?explanation of the origin of life that differs from Darwin?s view?. Additionally, it would require a statement to be read that expresses doubts about Darwinist theories (Baksa 1). The Court is now confronted with the responsibility of determining if Dover?s proposition, and the implications of its implementation are constitutional, or whether they would violate fundamental personal freedoms. In order to make its decision, the court must contemplate many facets of the issue, including: if the religious origins of intelligent design permeate the theory too strongly, if teaching I.D. in schools would violate statutes regarding state funding for public schools, and even if the theory provides sufficient factual scientific evidence to be taught as a scientific theory in a school?s biology curriculum. Case law supporting the absence of the instruction of intelligent design theory from secular, public education cites several main grounds for exclusion, including the unconstitutionality of ?sponsorship, financial support, and active involvement of the sovereign in religious activity? [397 U.S. 664]. The 1987 case Edwards v. Aguillard requires any religiously-related instruction to have ?a clear secular purpose? [482 U.S. 578]. The legislation addressed in this case?the CreationismShow MoreRelatedIntelligent Design: An Intelligent Way of Disguising Religion1346 Words   |  6 PagesEvolutionists say humans evolved from apes, but many religious people cannot swallow the thought. For years, religious people have voiced their unhappiness that schools teach evolution. The Bible says that God put all the plants, animals, and people on this planet, and evolution completely contradicts that. The idea of including creationism in schools has been brought to courts multiple times but with no success. Now the creationists have a new way of presenting it. They disguise it behind science and useRead MoreIntelligent Design Essays1315 Words   |  6 Pagestheories is inappropriate and according to Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District is illegal in public schools. Kitzmiller was the first case brought before the federal court in the intelligent design debate. In the process of teaching the origins of life in school it attempted to require the reading of a statement in science class that offered intelligent design as an alternative to evolution. The judge, John Edward Jones III, later ruled against Kitzmiller stating in essence that teaching intelligentRead MoreThe Debate of Orgin: Creationsim versus Evolutionism992 Words   |  4 Pagessometimes labeled, Intelligent Design, be taught in public schools? The answer, of course, is no. 23% of High School students surveyed said that no, they do not believe in creationism and yet the attend church every week. This is compared to 20% of people who attend weekly and do believe in creationism. What this means is that creationist beliefs and ideals are less common among religious folk than the theory of Evolution. As a total, 36% of High School students said they believed in Creationism, and ofRead MoreShould Religious Education Be Public Schools?1719 Words   |  7 Pageshave religious education in our schools. Religion is a taboo issue and turns even more taboo when we involve children. Many oppose the teaching of region in our schools for the simple reason of separation of church and state. Another reason this is met with resistance would include all the reasons for which religion is frowned upon such as: crating division amongst people and misunderstandings. However, others argue that religious education is necessary in public schools due to the immense diversity

Corruption in Procurement Free Essays

UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM BUSINESS SCHOOL| AN ASSESSMENT OF CORRUPTION IN THE PROCUREMENT PROFESSION IN GOVERNMENT: CASE IN TANZANIA. | | BY| BERNARD, HELLEN| REG. NO. We will write a custom essay sample on Corruption in Procurement or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2009-06-00929 | RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED FOR APPROVAL TO CARRY OUT RESEARCH FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OR BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION. | Table of Contents 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 background3 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM4 2. o research aim6 2. 1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES6 3. 0 RESEARCH QUESTIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 3. 1 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS. 7 4. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4. 1 CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 4. 3 EMPIRICAL LITERATURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 5. 0 METHODOLOGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 1. 0. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background The Tanzania Government has long realized the importance of public procurement to the economic development of Tanzania and hence to the fulfillment of key objectives within the national Poverty Reduction Strategy. To this effect, Tanzania was one of the first countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to enact a law modeled on the UNCITRAL model law. Since 1996, when the first country procurement assessment report (CPAR) was carried out, the Government has been working closely with the World Bank and other development partners to enhance the economy and efficiency of its procurement system and to make it more transparent and accountable. The Government has long acknowledged that there is rampant corruption in Tanzania and has been fighting hard to reduce it. It is estimated that at the national level about 20 percent of the government expenditure on procurement is lost through corruption, mainly through kick-backs and bogus investments that have to be written off. Considering that public procurement accounts for about 70 percent of the entire government expenditure budget, this translates to a loss of TShs 300 billion (USD 300 million) per year, enough to finance the combined annual recurrent budgets of the ministries of health and education. Clearly such a loss is economically unsustainable. Major losses occur in construction and supply contracts, which are the major avenues for corruption, particularly at the local government level. The need for enhancing the transparency of the procurement system cannot therefore be overemphasized. The Government of Tanzania is fully aware that its public procurement is still weak and needs to be strengthened substantially to enable it to ensure that the procurement laws and institutions become effective tools in the efficient and transparent management of public funds. Strategic management in the public sector begins by looking up toward politics -the current expectations and aspirations of citizens and their representatives and the older political agreements formally enshrined in the legislation that defines public managers’ mandates for action. Corruption had been inculcated in the political culture of most underdeveloped countries; while, it still elicits the criticism and opposition of the public, it has nonetheless been accepted as a fact in the political life. One of the primary areas of corruption is in the procurement process. Grounded on the idea that, the bread and butter of politicians exists in this aspect, the procurement process has been the locus and target of most politicians aiming to get a slice of the cake. In third world countries, this part of the cake proves to be the life of people. The foreign aid given by international organizations like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund and the government revenue from taxes is easily lost once the budget is distributed to departments and the â€Å"purchase† of equipments and materials has begun. . Earlier on we questioned the assumption or perception that corruption, especially petty corruption is a function of low pay. In our review of theories of motivation we noted that there is consensus among theorists on motivation on pay being a necessary, but not sufficient condition for an employee to perform at a minimum level in an organization. Where an employee has a perception that the level of compensation given by the employer cannot and will not meet basic living/existence needs, and the employee is not in a position to exit from the organization, he/she will adopt deviant work behavior, which will include a number of income maintenance strategies, including corruption to address the income shortfall. 1. 2 statement of the problem The procurement process has been the locus of government corruption- unless this can be addressed; the citizens of Tanzania will continue to suffer. It is necessary that strategies and measures be introduced in the government procurement profession to reduce the corruption in this process and in effect, corruption in the government. Procurement corruption is deeply rooted in the political culture and traces its roots on the nature of governments. As long as the nature of government and politics remains to be relatively immature, corruption in the procurement process will remain. Thus, the need for strategies to hamper this occurrence arises. A focus on newspaper reports, editorials and letters from readers in any of the last ten years would make one conclude that this country has been eaten away by the corruption scourge. Contrast the foregoing situation with what obtained between 1961, as we became independent and the late 1970s. The decade following Tanzania’s independence (1960-1970) did not manifest intense corruption. Where it took place it tended to be restricted to low-level officials who demanded and received negligible sums of money. As the country expanded the public sector and public administration institutions progressively decayed, entailing the rise of bureaucratic malfunctioning, opportunities for rent-seeking behavior and asking and offering bribes started creeping in. In the same period, the cost of living rose dramatically while public service pay remained static or declined. Public officials became driven by a culture of survival and they progressively adopted deviant behavior patterns discussed earlier in the paper, including the use of corruption as an income maintenance strategy. To address and control the trend of increased corruption, the Nyerere Government enacted the leadership code as part of the Arusha Declaration which had been adopted in 1967 and dedicated Tanzania to the pursuit of Ujamaa and Self Reliance as its ideology. While moral suasion through a socialist code of conduct was making its contribution to the fight against corrupt tendencies, the country came to experience a major economic crisis following the oil crisis and the after effects of the war with Idd Amin in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with double digit inflation, major fiscal deficits and negative economic growth. That situation saw the state lose its ability to pay public servants a living wage. Official salaries, even at managerial and executive levels, fell below subsistence needs, creating incentives to look for side incomes. As the state controlled economy declined, an informal one arose to take its place. Smuggling became rampant. In the end, the harsh realities of scarcity and poverty overwhelmed the dedication to socialist equality and corruption became embedded in Tanzania society. 2. 0 RESEARCH AIM This study aims to propose measures and strategies that could resolve the issue of government corruption in the procurement process. . 1 research objectives This research paper aims to: 1. Identify the different procurement corruptions in governments of Third World countries 2. Determine the stages of the procurement process and discover where corruption happens 3. Evaluate the nature of Third World Government and politics and the corruption in procurement 4. Propose measures that can reso lve the issue of corruption in the procurement profession 3. 0 RESEARCH QUESTIONS This study seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What are the indicators of procurement corruption and how extensive is it mong governments (Developed, developing and Third World) 2. What are the different corrupt practices in the process of procurement? 3. Outlining the procurement process, what stage(s) does corruption happen? 4. In relation to the nature of Third World Governments, what is their relation and to what degree that these two variables (corruption in procurements and government) affect each other? 5. What are the measures and strategies that governments have employed to address this issue? 3. 1 Research hypothesis 1. The nature of government and politics in a country is significantly related to its corruption practices 2. The more accountable the government, the lesser the tendency of corruption in the procurement process 3. Further, procurement corruption is directly related to the lack of transparency in government purchases. 4. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4. 1 Conceptual literature CORRUPTION Corruption is a very widespread phenomenon with most governments having a least some. While corruption usually meets with disapproval, it may have some redeeming features (Tullock, 1996). It may make possible smaller or no salary payments to officials who, if carefully supervised, will still carry out their functions on a fee-for-service basis (Tullock, 1996). Transparency International (TI) has chosen a clear and focused definition of the term: Corruption is operationally defined as the misuse of entrusted power for private gain. TI further differentiates between â€Å"according to rule† corruption and â€Å"against the rule† corruption. Facilitation payments, where a bribe is paid to receive preferential treatment for something that the bribe receiver is required to do by law, constitute the former. The latter, on the other hand, is a bribe paid to obtain services the bribe receiver is prohibited from providing. The cost of corruption The cost of corruption is four-fold: political, economic, social, and environmental. On the political front, corruption constitutes a major obstacle to democracy and the rule of law. In a democratic system, offices and institutions lose their legitimacy when they are misused for private advantage. Though this is harmful in the established democracies, it is even more so in newly emerging ones. Accountable political leadership cannot develop in a corrupt climate. Economically, corruption leads to the depletion of national wealth. It is often responsible for the funneling of scarce public resources to uneconomic high-profile projects, such as dams, power plants, pipelines and refineries, at the expense of less spectacular but more necessary infrastructure projects such as schools, hospitals and roads, or the supply of power and water to rural areas. Furthermore, it hinders the development of fair market structures and distorts competition, thereby deterring investment. The effect of corruption on the social fabric of society is the most damaging of all. It undermines people’s trust in the political system, in its institutions and its leadership. Frustration and general apathy among a disillusioned public result in a weak civil society. That in turn clears the way for despots as well as democratically elected yet unscrupulous leaders to turn national assets into personal wealth. Demanding and paying bribes become the norm. Those unwilling to comply often emigrate, leaving the country drained of its most able and most honest citizens. Environmental degradation is yet another consequence of corrupt systems. The lack of, or non-enforcement of, environmental regulations and legislation has historically allowed the North to export its polluting industry to the South. At the same time, careless exploitation of natural resources, from timber and minerals to elephants, by both domestic and international agents has led to ravaged natural environments. Environmentally devastating projects are given preference in funding, because they are easy targets for siphoning off public money into private pockets. PROCUREMENT Procurement is the full process involved in acquiring required goods, services or works. Procurement involves identifying the requirement of the purchasing authority, building a list of minimum requirements, and then scoring any interested parties who meet the minimum requirements, usually offering the highest score based on the most economically advantageous bid, commonly known as â€Å"best value†. Part of the Procurement process is also to manage the contract once awarded, to ensure that the successful suppliers, or suppliers, are providing a quality service. Collaborative contracts are becoming more commonplace; where multiple public bodies will combine their requirements and run a single Procurement process to meet their merged requirements. Due to the higher volume of business promised by collaborative contracts, suppliers will usually offer larger discounts. Collaborative contracts are usually led by one public body, acting on behalf of the others. In addition to this, some Procurement Centers of Expertise set up and manage contracts on behalf of public bodies, allowing all public bodies to use these collaborative contracts. Some examples of these Centers of Expertise are OGC, Buying Solutions and Procurement Scotland. The stage of the Procurement cycle when suppliers are invited to submit bids is known as the Tendering process. Usually, in addition to submitting their monetary bid, suppliers are required to respond to a questionnaire which the public body has put together with the intention of identifying and eliminating suppliers who are unable to meet their basic requirements, thereby preventing their tender from being successful regardless of whether they have the most economically advantageous bid. . 2 Theoretical framework The systematic study of political corruption encompasses matters of definition, typology, cause, and consequence, linked by a common theoretical framework. A substantial body of literature explores these issues, but many problems exist. The countless definitions inadequately set out the fundamental normative and behavioral dimensions of corruption and fail to incorporate the phen omenon into a broader theoretical framework or to deal accurately with the question of private interests. Typologies of corruption, though equally rife, also seem to lack clear theoretical relevance. Existing explanations of corruption can be attacked for projecting confusing and contradictory hypotheses, for being fragmentary, and for failing to differentiate various types of corrupt behavior; those centering on the functions of corruption also seem incomplete. Some, for instance, underscore the positive effects of corruption in integrating ruling elite but fail to question whether corruption influences feelings of legitimacy toward government or inspires destabilizing protests and mobilizations. As a form of deviant political behavior, corruption is political conduct contrary to political norms. This definition underscores both its normative and behavioral components. The normative aspect of corruption centers on the evaluative standards or rules that determine political propriety: the criteria used to judge the legitimacy or illegitimacy (i. e. , the â€Å"corruptness†) of a political act; the behavioral aspect corresponds to observable actions (Morris, 1991). The norm provides the standard by which all acts of government are to be interpreted and judged. Accordingly, any private usurpation of that pertaining to the public domain, which negates this principle, invites condemnation. An important issue that warrants attention concerns the role of personal gain or interest. Including personal gain or what is tantamount to private interest in a definition of corruption presents two major problems. First, it is generally held that all acts are a function of personal gain; in formal theory, this is referred to as â€Å"rationality. † Consequently, all acts by government officials, whether corrupt or otherwise, are thought to be motivated by a rational promotion of private interest. In other words, a non corrupt act is promoted by personal interest just as is a corrupt act. Since personal interest is an assumption of human behavior and a constant, it need not be included in a definition Strategic management in the public sector begins by looking up toward politics -the current expectations and aspirations of citizens and their representatives and the older political agreements formally enshrined in the legislation that defines public managers’ mandates for action. Politics, and the laws that politics produce, deserve this pride of place for three key reasons. First, it is this realm that managers must search to discover what purposes are deemed publicly valuable and can, therefore, be practically and normatively sustained as the focus of their managerial efforts. It is in and through politics that they can discover and help shapes their mandates for action. Second, political institutions grant public managers the resources they need to accomplish their operational purposes–including money and authority over their own organizations and over those beyond their organizations who can contribute to the managers’ purposes. Third, it is to politics and law that public managers are both theoretically and practically accountable; their performance is graded and their reputations made within this realm. Procurement contracting often entails large monetary sums and involves widely known or powerful people inside and outside government. Thus, this kind of corruption can be especially damaging to a country in terms of distorted incentives, undermined public trust, and inequitable distribution of national budgets. This is particularly prevalent in Third World countries where the political socialization of people seems to accept corruption as a part of the political culture. Among the principal types of procurement corruption includes: collusion in bidding (leading to higher costs/prices for the city, payments for which may or may not be shared with corrupt officials); kickbacks by firms to â€Å"fix† procurement competition; and bribes to officials who regulate the winning contractor’s behavior (which may permit lowball bids with subsequent cost overruns and unnecessary changes in contract specifications) (Klitgaard, MacLean, and Parris, 2000). 4. 3 Empirical literature Corruption is about economics, gaining power, maintaining power and unfortunately to some, survival (Green, 2000). Generally, it’s been my experience that corruption usually involves bribery, kickbacks, gratuities and gifts to government employees from individuals doing business or attempting to do business with the government. A large percentage of corruption taking place within governments and businesses worldwide rests within the procurement of goods and services. The movement toward decentralization, accountability, and democratic forms of government at the local level is gathering momentum (Klitgaard, MacLean, and Parris, 2000). In this context, the enormous costs of corruption are being explicitly recognized, as is the urgent need to correct governmental malfeasance (Klitgaard, MacLean, and Parris, 2000). Corruption is an entrenched symptom of misgovernance often reflected in patronage, red tape, ineffective revenue-generating agencies, large scale bribery in procurement, and failure to deliver services to city dwellers When the government needs a good or service, the city government has the two broad alternatives of making it or buying it: that is, the city can provide the good or service itself, or rocure it from the private sector (Klitgaard, MacLean, and Parris, 2000). Corruption is one of the dimensions of this choice. Because contracting is â€Å"where the money is†, most government officials are tempted by the lure of procurement services often at the expense of the public. Recent developments and current trends are highlighting the role of accountants in governance. Foremost among these are: the increasing concern with rising levels of corruption, the renewal of interest in accountability and transparency as inoculations against corruption; the new government focus on results, benchmarking and value-for-money (the â€Å"new public management†) and the corresponding thrust in the private sector through business process reengineering, knowledge management and intranets — where accounting systems play a major role; decentralization and participation by citizens and NGOs in public management are multiplying the needs for credible accounting information; the privatization of utilities in several countries is increasing the need for regulation, in which accountants have a major role in reducing information asymmetry; the globalization of corporate finance has enhanced the need for global standards of accounting and auditing; the Asian crisis has highlighted the weaknesses in transparency, in financial sector regulation and in corporate g overnance generally in a number of countries (Bennett,   2000). There are several measures that could be done in order to reduce the incidence of corruption. First, reducing the scope and role of personality politics. An increase in public policy debates and other activities of government, opening the closed doors, and permitting greater public scrutiny of official processes would clearly have such an impact. Generally, the more public government affairs become, the less corrupt they can be (Bennett,  2000). Enhancing the autonomy of the state’s subsystems would also reduce the likelihood of corruption. This could be pursued, for instance, by creating an effective civil service system or merit system or opening up grass-roots political involvement. Such reforms would cripple the centralization of recruitment and thereby temper the loyalty patterns that currently prevail. Strengthening the autonomy and role of Congress or democratizing corporate organizations would be steps in this direction (Bennett,  2000). Strengthening social organizations would also impinge on corruption. This could be done by reducing the tutelary role of the state and lessening the dependency of social organizations on the state or by enhancing popular input into the organizations themselves. Not only must businesses or union’s articulate demands on the government, but such organizations must be structurally responsive to the demands of their constituents. Tying the fate of leaders of social organizations to criteria internal to the group rather than those determined by the state would greatly inhibit current patterns of corruption (Bennett,  2000). 5. 0 METHODOLOGY This chapter will discuss the method of research to be used, the respondents of the study, the sampling technique, the instrument to be used, the validation of the instrument, the administration of the of the instrument and the statistical treatment of the data that will be gathered. Research Methodology and Techniques for data collection This study will use the descriptive approach. This descriptive type of research will utilize interview, observation and questionnaires in the study. To illustrate the descriptive type of research, the researcher will be guided by Calmorin when he stated: â€Å"Descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. The purpose of employing this method is to describe the nature of a situation as exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause/s of particular phenomena. Proposed subject Population/Sample The general population for this study will be composed of government officials and personnel in the procurement process, randomly selected private companies who have been involved in the bidding process and randomly selected citizens. I will use a combination of cluster and random sampling. First, I will cluster the respondents from the government, the private sector and the public sector. To make the sampling easier for every specific cluster, I will seek the aid of any anti-corruption non-government organization to facilitate the names and addresses of the respondents or have them together in one place (i. e. in an organizational meeting) so that the surveys can be given in one session. I will pick one hundred (100) respondents per cluster for a total of three hundred (300) respondents. Validation of the Instrument For validation purposes, I will initially submit a survey questionnaire and after approval, the survey will be given to five responden ts from the government, private corporations and the public sector. After the survey questionnaire will be answered, I will ask the respondents for any suggestions or any necessary corrections to ensure further improvement and validity of the instrument. I will again examine the content of the survey questionnaire to find out the reliability of the instrument. I will exclude irrelevant questions and will change words that would be deemed difficult by the respondents, too much simpler terms. Administration of the Instrument The revised instrument will then be administered to the respondents of the study which will be chosen through a combination of cluster and random sampling. I will exclude the ten respondents who will be initially used for the validation of the instrument. I will also tally, score and tabulate all the relevant data in the survey questionnaire. Statistical Treatment of Data When the entire survey questionnaire will have been collected, the researcher will use statistics to analyze all the data. The statistical formulae to be used in the second and third part of the survey questionnaire will be the following: 1. Percentage – to determine the magnitude of the responses to the questionnaire. 2. Weighted Mean 3. I will use chi-square to relate the participation rate of the government employees, companies and the public sector. I will be assisted by the SPSS in coming up with the statistical analysis for this study. Resource, Confidentiality and other consideration The survey respondents and interviewees’ identities will be held confidential. Only I will have the knowledge on their identities and utmost secrecy will be provided. Further, personalities who do not want to be quoted in interviews will not be disclosed. REFERENCES. 1. Klitgaard, Robert, MacLean, Ronald and Parris, Lindsey, Corrupt Cities: A Practical Guide to Cure and Prevention, Ics Press, 2000 2. Bennett, Anthony, â€Å"The Role of Accounting in Good Governance†, In Carter, Williiam, Davies, Mark, El, Yassin and Ford, Kevin, Government Ethics and Law Enforcement: Toward Global Guidelines, Praeger Publishers, 2000 3. Green, Vincent, â€Å"An Approach to Investigating Corruption in Government†, In Carter, Williiam, Davies, Mark, El, Yassin and Ford, Kevin, Government Ethics and Law Enforcement: Toward Global Guidelines, Praeger Publishers, 2000 4. Morris, Stephen, â€Å"A State-Society Approach to the Study of Corruption â€Å", Corruption Politics in Contemporary Mexico, University of Alabama Press, 1991 How to cite Corruption in Procurement, Papers